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Protect Your Smile From A Common But Dangerous Cancer
Oral cavity (mouth) and oropharyngeal (throat) cancer is one of the most preventable and treatable cancers if caught early. Since early detection greatly increases positive outcomes, there's no better time than now to schedule a checkup to protect your smile from this dangerous and potentially life-threatening disease.
Oral cavity (mouth) and oropharyngeal (throat) cancer is one of the most preventable and treatable cancers if caught early. Since early detection greatly increases positive outcomes, there's no better time than now to schedule a checkup to protect your smile from this dangerous and potentially life-threatening disease.
The American Cancer Society estimates that more than 58,450 people in the United States will be diagnosed with oral or oropharyngeal cancer in 2024 and over 12,230 of those will die from the disease. The average age of people diagnosed with these cancers is 64, but they can occur in young people as well.
According to the Alabama Department of Public Health, the state ranks 12th in rates of oral cancer and 3rd in oral cancer deaths as of July 2023.
This Oral Cancer Awareness Month, Anthony Morlandt, D.D.S., M.D., F.A.C.S., shares important information on oral cancer prevention and diagnosis. Dr. Morlandt is a head and neck surgeon with UAB Oral Oncology and professor in the UAB School of Dentistry Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery.
"Most often oral cancer develops in the surface tissue of the mouth and if undetected, it can begin penetrating deeper. That's what makes early detection so important." - Anthony Morlandt, D.D.S., M.D., F.A.C.S.
What causes oral cancer?There is no single cause for oral and oropharyngeal cancer, but certain factors can put you at increased risk. These include tobacco use, drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, and excessive sun or ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. Individuals with poor nutrition or human papilloma virus (HPV) can also be at higher risk. In fact, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that HPV causes 70% of oropharyngeal cancers in the United States. And while age can be a factor – older adults are at higher risk for oral cancer – an increasing number of people under 40 are now being diagnosed.
Where can oral cancer appear?Oral and oropharyngeal cancer may develop on the lips or inside the oral cavity on the tongue, gums, cheeks, or roof of the mouth. It can also develop in the back of the mouth, in the throat, or on the tonsils. Most often oral cancer develops in the surface tissue of the mouth and if undetected, it can begin penetrating deeper. That's what makes early detection so important.
What are the signs and symptoms?You might find lumps or thick tissue, or experience pain or difficulty chewing, speaking or swallowing. You could have a hoarse voice, ear pain, or a sore throat that doesn't quit. This cancer can also present as white or red patches that won't go away or a sore that bleeds and will not heal. If you notice something lingers more than a couple of weeks, you should get screened right away.
How can I prevent oral cancer?To help prevent oral cancer, stop smoking or chewing tobacco and limit your alcohol consumption. Be sure to apply sunscreen to your face, neck, and lips when you are going to be in the sun or will be exposed to UV light. Vaccinate yourself or your children against HPV – the CDC estimates that HPV vaccination can reduce oral HPV infection by 90%.
How can I screen for oral cancer?See your doctor if you have any symptoms including persistent hoarseness or sore throat, earaches or enlarged lymph notes of the neck, difficulty swallowing, or unexplained weight loss.Your dentist also plays an important role in detection since every dental appointment presents an opportunity to be screened. A regular self-examination (once a month is recommended) is important to detecting this life-threatening cancer in its early stages. Check for unusual sores, swelling, and areas of red or white lesions.
UAB Oral OncologyUAB Oral Oncology is the only head and neck surgery program in the Southeast dedicated to the treatment of oral cancer. The multidisciplinary team consists of fellowship trained surgeons, prosthodontists, physician assistants, and nurse coordinators are part of the head and neck cancer program of the O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. State-of-the-art treatment involves 3D surgical planning and navigation including augmented reality.
Prevention, Causes, And Risk Factors For Head And Neck Cancer
There are a number of different factors that can increase your risk of head and neck cancer. These include using tobacco, drinking alcohol, and being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV), among others.
Not everyone who is diagnosed with head and neck cancer has a known risk factor. Sometimes there is no clear reason why the disease develops.
Learn more about the risk factors for head and neck cancer.
TobaccoTobacco use includes both smoking and smokeless tobacco (snuff and chewing tobacco). People who are exposed to secondhand smoke are also at a greater risk of head and neck cancer.
If you smoke or chew tobacco, you can reduce your risk of head and neck cancer — and the risk to those around you — by stopping now. If you've been diagnosed with throat cancer or are in treatment, it's not too late to quit.
Learn more about Memorial Sloan Kettering's tobacco treatment program.
AlcoholDrinking alcohol is a major risk factor for head and neck cancer.
Tobacco and Alcohol TogetherThe combination of tobacco and alcohol use increases the risk of head and neck cancer even more than either of the two alone. Studies have shown that people who use tobacco and alcohol together have a substantially greater risk of mouth cancer than people who only smoke or who only drink. According to the National Institutes of Health, nicotine and alcohol together account for around 80 percent of mouth cancer in men and around 65 percent of mouth cancer in women.
HPV 16 and HPV 18Human papillomavirus (HPV) is most commonly associated with cervical cancer. There is, however, a strong link between HPV infection and head and neck cancer. This is particularly strong in relation to cancer that begins in the oropharynx (the middle part of the throat). In fact, HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer is the fastest-growing type of head and neck cancer in the United States.
Your risk of developing HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer depends in part on the strain of HPV to which you were exposed. For instance, some strains cause warts on the skin, mouth, or genitals but rarely, if ever, cause cancer. Other strains have a higher risk. These have a greater association with cancer. The strains most commonly linked to head and neck cancer are HPV 16 and, less often, HPV 18.
Thankfully, for most people, including those with high-risk HPV, the body will get rid of the infection on its own. Unfortunately, there is no way to predict who among those with HPV 16 or 18 will go on to develop cancer.
Betel Quid and GutkaPeople who chew betel quid or gutka, which are more common in parts of Asia, have an increased risk of head and neck cancer.
Radiation ExposureA history of radiation in the head and neck area increases the risk of salivary gland cancer and thyroid cancer.
AgeSome cancers, like those that begin in the mouth, can take years to develop. For example, most people diagnosed with mouth cancer are over 40. The average age of diagnosis is 60.
People diagnosed with HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer, on the other hand, tend to be younger.
Ultraviolet LightLip cancer and skin cancer are more common among people who spend time in the sun. Tanning bed use can also increase the risk of lip cancer.
Other Head and Neck Cancer Risk FactorsOther factors that may put you at a greater risk of head and neck cancer include:
Here are the top ways to reduce your head and neck cancer risk:
It's also important to schedule regular checkups with your dentist. This is particularly important if you use tobacco or drink heavily. Many oral cancers are found during routine dental appointments.
Head and Neck Cancer ScreeningCancer screening refers to the exams recommended by doctors to detect cancer before symptoms develop. The purpose is to find cancer at its earliest, most treatable stages.
At present, no screening method has been proven to improve survival for people with head and neck cancer. However, Memorial Sloan Kettering's doctors advise a yearly physical exam of the head and neck by your primary care doctor. MSK experts also recommend a yearly routine dental evaluation. This should include an examination of the neck and inspection of the oropharynx and the mouth. To learn more, see our Screening Guidelines for head and neck cancer.
Memorial Sloan Kettering provides numerous prevention, screening, and wellness services. Our experts organize head and neck cancer screening days each spring in conjunction with Oral, Head, and Neck Cancer Awareness Week, sponsored by the Yul Brynner Foundation. This is a free service to the community to help increase awareness of head and neck cancer. For dates and locations, visit our Public Events Calendar.
New Weapons In The Fight Against Oropharyngeal Cancer
The GW hospital makes use of the Da Vinci surgical platform, which combines laparoscopic technology with surgical robots.Credit: Intuitive Surgical Operations, Inc.
In July 2018, Sabrina Barnhart got a terrible shock. She was diagnosed with tonsil cancer and told she needed an aggressive course of chemotherapy and radiation, blasting her neck from ear to clavicle.
Chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy is the traditional treatment for oropharyngeal cancer. All cancer treatments can have side effects, but radiotherapy for this form of the disease often comes with especially unpleasant and long-lasting impacts, such as difficulty swallowing. Some patients even need to have a tracheostomy, in which a tube is inserted into the neck to aid breathing.
Sabrina's research made her worry that such extreme radiation therapy could severely reduce her quality of life. Her ear, nose and throat doctor put her in touch with The George Washington University Hospital (GW Hospital), where experts at the GW Cancer Center are developing ways to treat her type of cancer without the need for radiotherapy. They have discovered that many patients can be given chemotherapy alone, to shrink the tumour until it's small enough to be surgically removed.
"I was really scared, but I felt I was in safe hands," says Sabrina. "This was literally about the rest of my life, so I asked a lot of questions. The GW Cancer Center team understood that, explaining everything along the way, making me feel super comfortable with my decision."
The team at GW Cancer Center had worked out that cancers like Sabrina's were different from apparently similar cancers, which allowed them to modify treatment accordingly. That's part of a pioneering treatment approach that the researchers are developing at the research hospital.
Ditching convention
Historically, most head and neck cancers were the result of heavy smoking or drinking. But, in the past few decades, specialists have seen more and more cases of cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), which can colonize and change the lymphoid tissue at the back of the throat, specifically the tonsils and the base of the tongue. The good news is that HPV-related cancers are usually very sensitive to treatment, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery.
At GW Cancer Center, the focus on chemotherapy makes that treatment less intense for patients with HPV-induced oropharyngeal cancer.
"We're trying to avoid giving all three because radiation can cause significant issues in terms of pain, swallowing, fibrosis, dry mouth and everything else that comes after cancer treatment in this particular area," says Joseph Goodman, Otolaryngology Residency Program Director at the GW School of Medicine and Health Sciences. "With HPV, our experts look at how to de-escalate treatment."
The team will only use radiation as a follow-up treatment for particularly aggressive tumours or if the cancer has spread into nearby lymph nodes.
Chance discovery
This novel approach was discovered by chance at GW about 15 years ago. It started with patients who had large treatable tumours but could not receive standard therapies for a variety of reasons. The GW Cancer Center could only offer chemotherapy as they waited for treatment plans to be set up. Team members noticed a trend: many patients' tumours responded completely to chemotherapy alone. When the patients were eventually taken to surgery, in many cases no radiation was needed.
"We started asking ourselves, which sorts of patients would respond to this treatment," says Arjun Joshi, Head and Neck Oncology Division Director at The George Washington University Hospital. "Back then, we weren't testing for HPV, but more recently we've realised it's likely those patients were HPV-positive. So, we have designed a formal clinical trial looking at exactly this question."
GW Cancer Center, with other institutions, is now treating patients including Sabrina as part of a phase II trial to examine this radiotherapy-free protocol.
Other research supports the idea that radiation is often not needed in HPV-positive head and neck cancer. A prospective phase II study from 2020 showed disease-free survival rates of 96%, five years after treatment with chemotherapy followed by surgery and no radiation. 1
This built on an earlier observational study of 54 patients with HPV-positive oropharynx cancer receiving only chemotherapy followed by surgery at GW Hospital. Their tumour volumes reduced more than 90% following neoadjuvant chemotherapy.2 Shrinking a tumour to that extent helps a surgeon to completely remove all the cancerous material, causes less pain, and reduces swallowing problems and other dysfunctions.
Minimally invasive surgery
A surgeon operates the Da Vinci system from a console.Credit: Intuitive Surgical Operations, Inc.
GW hospital also uses other cutting-edge techniques to treat oropharyngeal cancers. These include the Da Vinci surgical platform, which combines laparoscopic technology with surgical robots.
Complete with robotic arms flexible enough to almost reach around corners, direct lighting and 3D visualization that provides levels of magnification impossible in non-robotic surgery, the Da Vinci system offers less invasive procedures. This allows surgeons to perform precise resections of tumours in the tonsils or base of tongue, without having to cut through the jaw or palate.
The procedure is also backed with good evidence. GW Cancer Center's study of swallowing function in 37 patients who had neoadjuvant chemotherapy and transoral robotic surgery to treat oropharynx cancer reported satisfactory swallowing outcomes two years after the operation.3
And a retrospective study of the National Cancer Database from 2010-2016, found patients with HPV-induced oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) who had transoral robotic surgery had better overall survival rates than those who had conventional surgery.4
The advantage comes from how the surgeon accesses the tumour. "If you come from outside, you cut through the tube of the pharynx, and the patient ends up having a lot of swallowing difficulty," says Goodman. "Going from the inside preserves function."
Flexible robotic arms, direct lighting and 3D visualization allow surgeons to perform procedures less invasively.Credit: Intuitive Surgical Operations, Inc.
Three months after surgery, patients are checked to make sure the cancer is gone. Traditionally this is done by physical exam and endoscopy or with a PET scan. To streamline the process, the GW team uses a liquid biopsy test that analyses tumour-tissue-modified DNA in the blood to find any HPV-related cancer.
Patient-centred care
The GW Cancer Center team no longer treats HPV-positive and HPV-negative cancers with the same approach, and is examining the genetic underpinnings and immune microenvironment of the different cancers.
"In our pre-operative clinical trials, we're tailoring the targeted therapy to the patient's stage and HPV status, as HPV-positive and HPV-negative head and neck cancers are two different diseases," says Julie Bauman, who joined the GW Cancer Center as director in 2022. "We're learning about the mechanism of these drugs and, ultimately, how we can select patients who would benefit from them."
The head and neck cancer team at GW Cancer Center excels at these studies, says Bauman. By accelerating the development of targeted therapies and immunotherapies for head and neck cancer in both HPV-positive and HPV-negative cases, the team is driving progress in this field, she adds.
"Just like the exceptional head and neck cancer team, my vision is to create multidisciplinary cancer services where sub-specialized disease teams communicate over each patient's case to offer cutting-edge strategies, so that every aspect of a patient's care is considered in advance," she says. "A highly coordinated treatment plan could include ground-breaking surgical and radiation techniques, modern systemic therapies, and knowledge gained from extensive clinical trials."
Bauman says she was keen to take up the directorship because she believes the GW team is uniquely positioned to address alarming disparities in cancer incidence and mortality in the US capital.
"I'm focused on building teams that truly encompass the whole patient experience," she says. Bauman is growing patient support services including patient navigation, community outreach and engagement, as well as establishing a clinical research office. "I want to ensure that our clinical trials match the needs of our unique population and contribute to transforming cancer survival and survivorship for our community."
Quality of life
For Sabrina Barnhart, the journey has not been easy. She started her first round of three chemo treatments in late September 2018, and underwent surgery in December of that year.
She has now been cancer-free for more than three and a half years. "I can't thank the GW Cancer Center team enough for what they have done for me and my family. I'm sure my life would look very different today if it weren't for their drive and foresight."
Sabrina has advice for other people in a similar situation. "Be your own champion, ask hard questions, be willing to do the research. Make sure the treatment plan that is being recommended is truly the best option for you."
Indeed, a survey published in 2022 showed that patients treated for HPV OPSCC with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and transoral robotic surgery had near-normal scores in most quality-of-life domains.5
These outcomes keep the GW team enthusiastic about the radiation-free protocol. "GW Hospital is one of the few research hospitals investigating treatment in this way," says Goodman. "With well-designed clinical trials, we're hoping that our method will be proven just as effective at treating the cancer but with less toxicity than standard approaches. It would be a big paradigm shift."
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