Managing the Symptoms of Advanced Prostate Cancer
Three Cancer And Heart Disease Symptoms And Signs That Can Be Spotted Early In Your Hands
Spotting a health condition early is the best way to secure a positive outcome (Image: Daily Mirror)Your hands can reveal a lot about you, from the hardness and callouses formed by years of physical work to the softness indicative of a more leisurely lifestyle. However, they can also signal the onset of severe health issues, including heart disease and lung cancer.
Heart disease is the second leading cause of death in the UK after dementia, claiming over 60,000 lives each year due to related conditions. While genetic factors can influence the likelihood of developing heart disease, early detection can lead to preventative measures such as dietary changes or medication.
Lung cancer, the fifth leading cause of death in the UK, claims the lives of 95 individuals prematurely each day. Besides adopting healthier habits like quitting smoking to reduce your risk of developing lung cancer or mesothelioma, spotting symptoms early and seeking medical attention can increase survival rates by up to 20 times.
Although your hands are physically distant from where these health issues originate, they can exhibit various symptoms indicating something is seriously wrong within your body. While most of these signs can be harmless, some should always prompt a visit to a healthcare professional.
Alterations in the shape or colour of your fingers can signify a range of conditions. Many of these are benign, but some can be life-threatening. If your fingers or tendons begin to swell, it might be time to consult your doctor.
Finger clubbing Finger clubbing can change the appearance of the top of your finger (Image: Getty)When your fingers or toes begin to swell at the tips, with the surrounding nail skin turning shiny, this is referred to as finger clubbing, digital clubbing, or sometimes Hippocratic fingers. This condition often leads to a change in the shape and angle of the toenail as the tip of the digit swells, usually becoming red and warm.
Clubbing typically develops gradually over years but can occur suddenly if prompted by a lung abscess. Mount Sinai Hospital cites lung cancer as the most frequent cause of finger clubbing, although it can signal other health issues, and not all individuals with the disease will experience clubbed fingers.
The process generally starts at the nail base and progresses, making the nails curve more than usual. To determine if your finger curvature is due to clubbing, there's an easy test: press your fingernails together and look for a tiny, diamond-shaped gapif you see one, your fingers are probably normal.
While finger and toe clubbing may also be a sign of other heart or thyroid conditions, as well as lung cancer and mesothelioma, Cancer Research UK describes it as an "unusual" symptom. They advise: "If you think you might have it and are worried, do speak to your doctor."
loucestershire Live reports your doctor can conduct an examination and inquire about any additional symptoms you may have. If needed, they can arrange for tests such as a chest x-ray to inspect your lungs.
Once the root cause of the clubbing is addressed, the swelling should diminish.
Swollen knuckles Swelling in your tendons can indicate problems with your heart (Image: Stock image)Usually, high cholesterol levels in your body can only be identified through a blood test carried out by your GP. However, for those with an inherited condition known as familial hypercholesterolaemia, indulging in too many fast foods and neglecting self-care can result in swollen knuckles.
This is referred to as tendon xanthomata, a condition triggered by the accumulation of cholesterol around your tendons, which can impact the knuckles on your hand, your knees, and your Achilles tendon. While high cholesterol levels and the resultant heart disease are typically linked with older adults, if you're one of the 220,000 individuals in the UK with this genetic condition, the swelling can commence in early adulthood.
Research indicates that people with this condition often experience a thickening in the arteries due to high cholesterol levels from the age of 11, as per an NHS study. This makes it crucial to identify these symptoms and implement the necessary lifestyle changes to combat them.
Only eight per cent of those with this familial condition have been recognised by the health service, so if you observe your knuckles swelling and have other yellowish bumps on your hand, or around your eyes, it might be worth getting examined. However, for most Brits, the only method of determining your cholesterol level is by undergoing a blood test conducted by a healthcare professional.
Swelling in the legs and feet could be a sign of heart disease, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. They have highlighted that: "Many diseases of the heart cause fluid to build up in your feet and lower legs. As the fluid builds up, you may see swelling, which can extend as far as the upper legs and groin."
The NHS has noted that this swelling tends to improve in the morning and worsen as the day progresses.
Bruised fingers Bruising on your fingers is not normal (Image: Stock image)Another potential warning sign is the sudden appearance of bruises on your fingers. This is quite unusual and could indicate a blood-related issue.
Unless you've had a significant knock or injury, it's uncommon to develop a bruise on your fingers without noticing. This is often a signal for doctors to test for forms of cancer.
Leukaemia UK's Research Director Simon Ridley told Express: "One of the common warning signs and symptoms of leukaemia is bruising."
"These bruises are different to the types which we all get from time to time as they can appear in unusual or unexpected locations, such as on the hands for adults."
Leukaemia claims nearly 5000 British lives annually. Despite significant advancements in treatment, it still carries a 40 per cent fatality rate. Spotting early signs and reporting them to your GP is the best way to increase your chances of survival.
If your fingers have changed colour, without bruising, this could also be a sign of Raynaud's phenomenon, where blood stops flowing properly to the fingers and toes, causing discolouration.
This is often onset by stress but is frequently harmless. If it becomes painful or associated with other conditions, it can be an indicator of lupus, or Crohn's disease.
Other symptoms of lung cancerFinger clubbing is one of the less common symptoms of lung cancer or mesothelioma, the more common symptoms are:
While these symptoms don't always mean you have lung cancer, you should speak to your GP if you have any concerns. According to the NHS, anyone diagnosed with lung cancer in its first stage have a 20 times higher chance of surviving for five years of more.
Other symptoms of heart diseaseThe most obvious sign of coronary heart disease is a heart attack, or angina, but there are a variety of symptoms that, if experienced continuously or together with other symptoms, could be a sign that there is something wrong with your heart. Those symptoms include:
If you have any concerns about your health, you should always speak to your doctor about your symptoms as your first port of call.
The Astonishing Operation That Reattaches People's Feet Back To Front - And How It's Meant Brave Amelia Can Dance Again
Rather than baking a cake and holding a party for their daughter Amelia's seventh birthday, Michelle and Richard Eldred spent the day at her bedside in Birmingham Children's Hospital, anxiously waiting for the results of a biopsy which would tell them if the tumour in her thigh was cancer.
Amelia, an only child, was active, sporty, dance-mad and so healthy her parents barely remember her having a cough or a cold.
So when her mild symptoms of a few weeks — pain in her left thigh at night and some swelling — were confirmed later that day as osteosarcoma, or bone cancer, it seemed unfathomable to them.
With Amelia's birthday presents, including a new bike which she would never ride, waiting at home in Tamworth, Staffordshire, the family was told she would need chemotherapy to try to shrink the tumour sufficiently so that surgeons could remove the remainder.
Amelia Eldred, 13, was diagnosed with osteoporosis sarcoma, a bone cancer, in her right thigh bone at seven
With her parents, Michelle and Richard, who spent her seventh birthday at her hospital bedside, waiting for the results of a biopsy which would tell them if the tumour in her thigh was cancer
The plan was to perform an operation called limb salvage or limb-sparing, which would save her leg.
This would involve removing the tumour along with the bone and surrounding tissue and inserting a metal implant to strengthen the leg.
However, when two rounds of chemo over ten weeks failed to reduce the 10cm by 1cm tumour, the family was faced with the starkest news.
To stop the cancer spreading, surgeons would need to amputate Amelia's femur, or thigh bone, to save her life.
This usually involves an operation called a hip disarticulation, where the limb is amputated through the hip joint. It meant that not only would Amelia never dance again, even with a prosthetic leg she would struggle to walk without crutches.
'We thought she could have the bike after chemo,' says Michelle, 50, who works for the local council. 'It never crossed our minds that she would lose her leg.'
But Professor Lee Jeys, the surgeon they were referred to at the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital in Birmingham, offered the family another option: a rotationplasty.
This is an operation so rare it's only been performed in the UK on a handful of patients.
'It was an option he wasn't sure we'd take because some people might think the result is weird and kind of freaky,' says Michelle.
In rotationplasty, the middle part of the leg, from upper thigh to below the knee, is removed, then the lower part — the ankle and foot — is reattached to the upper thigh using metal plates.
But crucially when it is reattached, it is rotated 180 degrees — so that the foot is on backwards.
This means the ankle joint now functions as if it's a new knee joint, with the heel of the foot becoming a new knee cap.
When the transplanted foot flexes, with the help of an adapted prosthesis, patients are able to resume all the activities they were doing before the surgery. 'The foot is needed to work the prosthesis, so the foot is in essence the shin bone,' explains Professor Jeys.
Amelia in hospital after the surgery which turned her foot into a knee - she is now back running, rollerblading, rock climbing and dancing
In September Amelia will take up a place at a mainstream performing arts academy in Birmingham where she'll study a BTEC in musical theatre alongside her GCSEs
'The longer the "shin", the better the function. If I remove part of the foot it would be weaker with worse function.'
But partly due to lack of surgical training and experience, the procedure is rare; Professor Jeys is one of the very few surgeons in the UK to offer it and he has performed it just 16 times in his career.
'I perform about one a year,' he says. 'Patients have ranged in age from four to 32, but most are aged six to 12.
'We only offer it if we can't save the whole leg and do a metal replacement because the blood vessels are involved with the tumour.
'If the tumour doesn't involve the major blood vessels, in the UK we tend to cement in a metal prosthesis which can be lengthened — but the problem with these is that metal wears out and they have to be revised as the leg grows, so there are multiple operations through life with the risk of infection increasing each time, which may lead to eventual amputation,' he explains.
'The advantage to rotationplasty is that it's a one-off operation with fewer problems — but to make the ankle work like a knee joint, it has to be attached backwards.'
He adds that while it's rare here, 'in some parts of the world — in India and Holland, where I visited to learn the procedure, and in some parts of America — it's the most common way of resecting a leg after a bone tumour in small children'.
He says: 'Other than a high amputation, it was the only solution for Amelia because the tumour had invaded some of her blood vessels.'
The very obvious downside is that the rotated foot now faces in the opposite direction, which is psychologically difficult for some.
Professor Jeys recalls one occasion when an older patient asked for the rotated foot to be amputated. As he spoke to Amelia's parents, Professor Jeys drew some diagrams and then left Michelle and Richard, 47, who works for a parcel delivery company, to think about it.
'We went home and searched the internet,' says Michelle.
'And we quickly realised that there are no downsides to rotationplasty except the way it looks — and we got past that pretty fast because it was so clear that it offered the best chance of getting our sparky little girl back to dancing and the life she loved.'
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer in children, with about 30 cases diagnosed in the UK every year. It's not known what causes it.
The first symptoms are pain, redness and swelling, but in Amelia's case the pain was so mild, Michelle at first assumed it was a muscle strain.
'Amelia first started to complain that her left leg was hurting at the start of the summer holidays in 2017,' she recalls. 'She was fine during the day but her thigh hurt when in bed at night.'
Amelia after her rotationplasty. The operation is rarely performed because of the unusual appearanceit leaves, although it allows for better movement than a high-leg amputation
The first symptoms of osteoporosis sarcoma are pain, redness and swelling, but in Amelia's case the pain was so mild, her mother Michelle assumed it was a muscle strain
When, a few days later, she noticed a slight swelling in her thigh, Michelle took Amelia to minor injuries at the local hospital. 'But when I told the doctor she hadn't had a bump or a fall, we were sent home,' says Michelle.
Over the next 24 hours, Amelia was still mobile but the swelling felt harder and she was in more pain at night.
A week later, Michelle took her back to hospital and asked for an X-ray.
A little while later, she was ushered into a side room.
'It was the start of a steep learning curve — bad news is always delivered in small rooms,' she says, wryly.
'The same doctor who'd sent us home the week before without examining Amelia told us that the X-ray showed she had a tumour in her thigh bone and we needed to go to Birmingham Children's Hospital immediately. Tumour is such a shocking word,' says Michelle.
'I drove there and called Richard, who came to the hospital straight away. We both sat there in disbelief.
'I honestly thought someone else would look at the X-ray and say, "there's been a mistake, she's fine".'
A consultant explained that Amelia's leg was swollen because she had a tumour, 10 cm long and 1 cm wide, which was so big, it had fractured her left femur.
Over the next week, Amelia underwent CT and MRI scans and a biopsy.
On her seventh birthday, on August 16, 2018, she was diagnosed with a high-grade (i.E. Aggressive) osteosarcoma.
The good news was that there was no sign that the cancer had spread. 'We didn't feel lucky at the time,' says Michelle. 'But we met other children whose cancer had spread and very quickly realised we were blessed.'
Amelia had two rounds of chemotherapy with three different drugs: methotrexate, doxorubicin and cisplatin, via a central line in her chest.
'It was absolutely brutal,' says Michelle. 'I'd look around the ward filled with these tiny bald children with wires coming out of them and think: this isn't my life.'
In October, as Amelia's chemotherapy treatment came to an end, her oncologist led Michelle to a side room and told her that chemotherapy had not reduced the tumour as they'd hoped and there was now no chance of salvaging her limb.
Amelia saw Professor Jeys the following day.
Children are the best candidates for a rotationplasty as 'the reattached leg continues to grow as they grow, so they adapt well physically and psychologically', says Professor Jeys, who performed the procedure
Rotationplasty hadn't been performed in the UK for 23 years before Professor Jeys resumed it in 2009.
Also known as Van Nes rotation, or Borggreve rotation, it was first performed in the 1930s.
Although rotationplasty patients are more mobile than those who've had high leg amputations, it's rarely performed due to worries about its unusual appearance.
'It was stopped in my department after an older patient asked for the foot and ankle to be removed because she couldn't cope with it,' says Professor Jeys. 'But I lecture abroad a lot and had seen many cases doing well.'
Children are the best candidates, as Professor Jeys explains: 'The reattached leg continues to grow as they grow, so they adapt well physically and psychologically.
'But the biggest difference is that we have much more counselling and we have the internet. I always encourage patients to look at others across the world on YouTube for themselves.'
Michelle's internet search came up with Gabi Shull, now 23, a ballet dancer from Missouri, U.S., who had lost her leg to osteosarcoma at the age of nine.
Rotationplasty had enabled her to carry on dancing and, aged 14, she'd posted a cheerful video of herself explaining her new prosthetic 'pointe' foot.
'She was so inspirational and so obviously keeping up with her peers, it made the decision so much easier,' says Michelle.
Amelia's response — 'Wow, I'm going to be like her' — was enough to convince Michelle and Richard it was the right path for their active, adventurous daughter.
Now 13, Amelia is one of Professor Jeys' most celebrated success stories.
A year after her surgery, she danced with him at a Royal Orthopaedic Hospital event, where he was honoured with an award for surgical excellence. He now shows videos of her to new patients to help them understand that the operation offers the best chance of a normal life.
Now Amelia runs, rollerblades, rock climbs and dances — in September she will take up a place at a mainstream performing arts academy in Birmingham where she'll study a BTEC in musical theatre alongside her GCSEs.
While Professor Jeys performs cancer surgery almost every day, none, he says, moves him quite like rotationplasty.
'I do much more complicated surgeries but rotationplasty is the only operation where, because the nerve stays intact, patients can move their foot as soon as they wake up,' he says.
Amelia says that, though she sometimes feels down at no longer having two normal legs, she tries to 'be happy and positive and always be the bigger person'
'It always brings a tear to my eye. It's incredible to think that hours earlier that same limb was on my operation table in pieces with a string [the nerve] in between. You put it back together and everything works.' When she woke up in the high-dependency unit, Amelia was completely unfazed by her rotated leg.
'From the start, she was absolutely incredible,' says Michelle. 'The last thing she said when they put her to sleep was "bye, bye tumour," and she waved to her leg.
'I must admit before I went in to see her after the surgery, I had this sick feeling — I couldn't look at her foot. But I quickly got past the idea of disfigurement when I realised she could already move it. As soon as she woke up, Professor Jeys told her to wiggle her toes — and she moved this little foot that had just been sewn back on. I thought, "Wow!"
'Two days later, Amelia was out of bed and standing on a walking frame,' says Michelle.
'She was proud of it and I think that's because she knew when her femur was gone, the cancer was gone.'
In 2023, the first long-term study of 20 rotationplasty survivors who had surgery at the Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute in Bologna, Italy, between 1986 and 2014, was published — the 11 women and nine men, aged between six and 33 at the time of their surgery, found that rather than suffering psychologically, they expressed the same level of contentment with their lives as their healthy peers.
Amelia is more often than not proud of her prosthetic leg.
She says: 'I wear shorts whenever I can — I won't purposely cover it up. I can't live in shame or hide away. If I did, I wouldn't be living my life.'
Two years ago, Amelia finally met another patient who'd had a rotationplasty, at a summer camp — Amp Camp — in Tenerife for child amputees.
'Some had never taken their prosthetic off in public — you feel targeted and humiliated and very alone when people stare,' she says. 'So it was great to throw our legs off at the side of the pool and hop about having a blast.
'There was such a sense of pride in our scars. I could see how everyone had grown from their experience of being different.'
But Amelia admits that 'sometimes' she does feel 'very down'.
'I can remember having two normal legs, so sometimes I look at my rotated leg and feel sad about how much my life has changed in six years and how different things are now,' she says.
'But I put pressure on myself to be happy and positive and always be the bigger person.'
She's also acutely conscious that some of the friends she made in hospital never came home; 35 per cent of children with osteosarcoma do not survive more than five years.
'After my cancer treatment and surgery, I needed to move on and make the most of my life,' she says. 'And I'm still determined to do that.'
Shortly after she spoke to Good Health, Michelle joined her fearless daughter in a zip-wire challenge in Snowdonia (1,500 m at 100 mph) to raise funds for her charity, Amelia's LEG-ends, which raises awareness of children's cancers and helps other child amputees attend camps.
'There is no challenge that Amelia has not met head on, but I was terrified,' Michelle admits.
'I am in awe of her courage and resilience,' she says of her remarkable girl. 'She's my inspiration every single day.'
Numb Feet: Is It Multiple Sclerosis Or Something Else?
Thyroid ProblemsHaving an underactive thyroid, known as hypothyroidism, can cause or contribute to peripheral neuropathy, according to Polydefkis. "Lots of people with diabetes also have hypothyroidism," he notes, and the two conditions may work in combination to increase the risk of foot symptoms.
Alcohol Use"Alcohol is a well-established cause of peripheral neuropathy," Polydefkis notes, but it takes more than a few drinks each week for this to be a likely factor in foot symptoms. Depending on your size, he says, having at least two to four drinks each day could put you at risk for neuropathy.
Heavy drinking can also cause or contribute to poor eating habits, putting you at risk for nutritional deficiencies that can further increase your neuropathy risk.
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Cardiovascular ProblemsAccording to Polydefkis, having a cluster of cardiovascular problems can lead to peripheral neuropathy, even if any one of these problems might not cause the symptom on its own. "If you have somebody with borderline diabetes, and they have high cholesterol and high blood pressure, and they smoke, those people can develop peripheral neuropathy," he says.
Spinal Cord IssuesA number of spine-related issues can cause numb feet, according to Polydefkis. The most obvious of these is MS, which can cause lesions on the spinal cord, but it's important to keep the other potential causes in mind.
Like a vitamin B12 deficiency, a lack of copper can cause spinal cord problems, Polydefkis notes, as can a tumor, abscess, or other mass growing in the area. If you're having imaging of your spine done as part of your routine MS appointments, it shouldn't be hard to detect any growths in the area.
Pinched NervesWhen the posterior tibial nerve — which provides sensation to the bottom of the foot — becomes compressed, it's known as tarsal tunnel syndrome, according to Johns Hopkins Medicine. Causes may include swelling from a sprained ankle; diseases like diabetes and arthritis that can cause swelling and nerve compression in the area; flat feet or fallen arches; or varicose veins, cysts, swollen tendons, or bone spurs.
Tarsal tunnel syndrome can cause sensations of numbness, tingling, and burning, as well as shooting pain. It can be diagnosed with a physical exam and imaging, and both nonsurgical and surgical treatment options are available, depending on its severity.
Shoe ProblemsSometimes simply wearing shoes that are too tight can cause or significantly contribute to numbness in your feet.
In addition, "If somebody can't feel their feet anymore, I tell them all the time to be careful what shoes they wear," Nealon notes. She recommends looking for shoes that provide good support but aren't too heavy, without any constricted areas, and with enough extra room for any brace that you wear.
Guillain-Barré SyndromeGuillain-Barré syndrome is a rare disorder in which the body's immune system attacks the nerves, according to the Mayo Clinic. Its early symptoms typically include weakness and tingling sensations in the feet and legs, which can spread and paralyze the entire body. (Weakness to the point of paralysis is the hallmark feature of this condition.)
Guillain-Barré syndrome often develops following a bacterial or viral infection, although its cause is unknown. Doctors use a combination of medical history and a variety of neurological tests to diagnose it.
StrokeSudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg, particularly on one side of the body, can be a symptom of a stroke, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It may be accompanied by other stroke symptoms, including sudden confusion or trouble speaking, sudden difficulty seeing in one or both eyes, sudden trouble walking, or sudden severe headache.
Stroke is a medical emergency, so if you or someone else is having any of these symptoms, call 911 immediately.
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Drug Side EffectsAlmost one-third of people with HIV or AIDS experience some peripheral nerve damage due to the virus itself or drugs used for treatment, according to the Foundation for Peripheral Neuropathy. Symptoms may include numbness or a loss of feeling in the toes and soles of the feet, as well as burning, stiffness, prickling, and tingling. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), or "d-drugs", are most often linked to peripheral neuropathy. Hydroxyurea (Hydrea), a cancer drug that may also help certain anti-HIV drugs work better, may also increase the risk of peripheral neuropathy.
People who are receiving treatment for cancer may also experience chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Some forms of chemotherapy affect the sensory nerves in the feet and hands, causing numbness, tingling, and pain in fingers and toes, according to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.
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FrostbiteFrostbite occurs when your skin and underlying tissues freeze, usually due to exposure to cold, windy weather, according to the Mayo Clinic. After your skin becomes very cold and red, it starts to feel numb and hard and look pale. Frostbite is common on the fingers and toes. Frostnip, a mild form of frostbite, can also lead to numbness. If you notice signs of frostbite, seek out a place to warm up as soon as you can.
If you aren't sure what's causing your numb feet, the best thing to do is to speak to your primary care physician or neurologist, who can properly diagnose what if any condition is causing the problem.
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